research

\[ \begin{array}{c} B_{\tilde\nu} \propto \tau^{\gamma} \\[4pt] \gamma = \dfrac{h\nu}{l_v} \end{array} \]
2026Radiative Transfer

Analytical radiative fluxes

Water vapor is both condensable and a greenhouse gas. This dual role collapses the Planck emission in optical depth into a power law.

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\[ T_s \leq T_{500} + \frac{L_v}{c_p}q_{\rm sat}(T_{500}) + \frac{g\,\overline{z_{500}}}{c_p\,\overline{T_{500}}}T_{500} - \frac{g}{c_p}z_s \]
2023Extreme temperature

Can heatwave temperatures go up indefinitely?

Convective instability limits how hot it gets during a heatwave.

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\[ \Delta \mathrm{TW}_{\max}^{\text{land}} \approx \Delta \overline{T} \]
2021Heat Stress

Extreme wet-bulb temperature controlled by mean warming

Free tropospheric temperature sets a nearly uniform cap on local land wet-bulb temperature, so mitigating mean warming directly caps the worst tropical heat-stress events.

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\[ \langle \mathrm{MSE} \rangle_P^{\text{land}} \approx \langle \mathrm{MSE} \rangle_P^{\text{ocean}} \]
2020Tropical Dynamics

Tropical convection and the moist static energy distribution

Deep convection conserves moist static energy fast enough to explain why the tropical free troposphere stays nearly uniform over both land and ocean — and why monthly rainfall is spread so unevenly across the tropics, with the unevenness set to grow.

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